Present perfect: for and since
for ve since, present perfect ile şimdiye uzanan bir zaman aralığını ölçer ama aralığa farklı uçlardan bakar. Burada for + süre ve since + başlangıç noktası ayrımını net kurallarla çalışırsın.
Hızlı Öğren
for ve since ikisi de şimdiye uzanan bir zaman dilimini ölçer, ama onu farklı uçlardan ölçerler.
Aklında tut
- for bir süre alır: for three years, for ten minutes.
- since bir başlangıç noktası alır: since 2019, since Monday, since I moved.
- İkisi de hâlâ geçerli bir durumu anlatır; zamanın perfect olmasının sebebi budur.
Örnekler
- 1We have lived in this quiet seaside neighborhood for seven years.
- 2Sarah has worked as a graphic designer at the agency since 2020.
Kaçınılması Gereken Yaygın Tuzak
since, nokta bir bütün cümle olduğunda bile nokta belirtir: since I was a child doğru, for I was a child yanlıştır.
Derinlemesine İncele
Kural
Geçmişten bugüne süren durum
Present perfect geçmişi bugüne bağlar. For ve since ile birlikte kullanıldığında geçmişte başlamış ve bugün hâlâ süren bir durumu ya da eylemi anlatır.
Have ya da has + üçüncü hâl
Yapı: özne + have ya da has + fiilin üçüncü hali (worked, lived, been, known). I, you, we, they ile have kullanılır (We have lived here for five years), he, she, it ile has (She has worked at the clinic since 2019).
For: bir süre
For ile since arasındaki fark sürenin nasıl söylendiğine bağlıdır.
(1) For bir süre bildirir ve how long? sorusuna cevap verir: for twenty minutes, for three days, for six months, for a long time. Türkçedeki “üç gündür” ya da “altı aydır” ifadelerine karşılık gelir.
Since: bir başlangıç noktası
(2) Since ise bir başlangıç noktası bildirir ve since when? sorusuna cevap verir: since Monday, since 9:00, since January, since 2015, since breakfast, since I was a child. Türkçedeki “pazartesiden beri” ya da “2015'ten beri” ifadelerine karşılık gelir.
Cümlenin anatomisi
Bu dersin cümleleri, İngilizcenin istediği sırayla parçalarına ayrıldı.
ÖzneWeYardımcı fiilhaveFiillivedYerin this quiet seaside neighborhoodZamanfor seven years.
ÖzneSarahYardımcı fiilhasFiilworkedTümleças a graphic designerYerat the agencyZamansince 2020.
ÖzneSheYardımcı fiilhasOlumsuzluknotFiileatenNesneanythingZamansince eight o'clock this morning.
Görsel rehber
How to read this A2 topic
At A2, the challenge is choosing between similar time frames, pronouns, and quantity patterns.
1. Look for the time clue
Yesterday, now, every day, already, and since often decide the tense.
I watched it yesterday.
2. Choose the pattern first
Pick the whole grammar structure before choosing the final word.
I am going to study.
3. Check word position
Adverbs, objects, and pronouns must sit in natural English order.
I know him well.
Perfect aspect
Perfect forms connect one time to another: earlier to now, earlier to a past point, or duration up to a point.
| Form | Pattern | Core use | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| present perfect | have / has + past participle | past result or experience now | I have finished. |
| present perfect continuous | have / has been + -ing | duration up to now | She has been studying. |
| past perfect | had + past participle | earlier than another past event | They had left before noon. |
| past perfect continuous | had been + -ing | duration before a past point | I had been waiting. |
Contrasts that often decide the answer
Event or background
Simple forms move events forward; continuous forms show an action in progress.
I left while she was talking.
Fact or stance
Modals, hedges, and reporting structures show how certain or responsible the speaker sounds.
This may indicate a problem.
Clause or compressed phrase
Advanced writing often compresses full clauses into participle, noun, or prepositional phrases.
Having reviewed the data, we revised the plan.
Örnekler
- 1We have lived in this quiet seaside neighborhood for seven years.
- 2Sarah has worked as a graphic designer at the agency since 2020.
- 3I have known my best friend Michael since we were in primary school.
- 4They have been married for fifteen happy years and have two children.
- 5He has studied English grammar every single day since last October.
- 6The historic library building has stood on this corner for over a century.
- 7She has not eaten anything since eight o'clock this morning.
- 8How long have you lived in this sunny southern European city?
- 9My brother has had this reliable red bicycle for more than three years.
- 10We haven't heard from our old university classmates since graduation day.
İstisnalar
Türkçede geçmişte başlayıp süren bir durumu şimdiki zamanla söyleriz: “Üç yıldır burada yaşıyorum.” İngilizcede ise bu anlam için present perfect gerekir: I have lived here for two years denir, I live here for two years ya da I am living here for two years denmez. Since bir past simple yan cümlesiyle de kullanılabilir: We have been friends since we met at university.
Sık yapılan hatalar
Süren bir durum için present simple kullanmak
Hata
I work here since three years.
Doğru
I have worked here for three years.
Süreyle since kullanmak
Hata
She has been ill since three days.
Doğru
She has been ill for three days.
Aynı hatanın kısa biçimi
Hata
since two hours
Doğru
for two hours
Since bir başlangıç anı ister. Türkçede “-dır” ve “-den beri” ayrı olduğu için şu soru işe yarar: “kaç gündür?” ise for, “ne zamandan beri?” ise since.
Kısa tekrar
Kendini sınamadan önce dersin özü tek kartta.
Aklında tut
- for bir süre alır: for three years, for ten minutes.
- since bir başlangıç noktası alır: since 2019, since Monday, since I moved.
- İkisi de hâlâ geçerli bir durumu anlatır; zamanın perfect olmasının sebebi budur.
Sık yapılan hatalar
Hata: I work here since three years.
Doğru: I have worked here for three years.Hata: She has been ill since three days.
Doğru: She has been ill for three days.Hata: since two hours
Doğru: for two hours
Kendini dene
for ile üç, since ile üç doğru cümle yaz, sonra pratik et.
İlgili Dil Bilgisi Konuları
Bu seviyedeki diğer konularla öğrenmeye devam edin.