Passive voice
Passive (edilgen çatı), dikkati eylemi yapandan eylemden etkilenene kaydırır; yapan bilinmiyorsa, belliyse ya da önemsizse normal seçim budur. Burada be + past participle yapısını ve zamanın nerede taşındığını çalışırsın.
Hızlı Öğren
Passive, dikkati kimin yaptığından neyin etkilendiğine kaydırır; yapan bilinmediğinde, belli olduğunda ya da önemsiz olduğunda normal seçimdir.
Aklında tut
- be + past participle; zamanı be taşır: is built, was built, has been built.
- Nesne olan şey özne olur.
- by, yapanı yalnızca yapan anılmaya değerse belirtir.
Örnekler
- 1English is spoken as an official language in dozens of countries worldwide.
- 2This magnificent stone cathedral was built more than five centuries ago.
Kaçınılması Gereken Yaygın Tuzak
Zaman participle'da değil be'de yaşar; bir edilgen cümlenin zamanını değiştirmek be'yi değiştirip participle'ı olduğu gibi bırakmaktır.
Derinlemesine İncele
Kural
Odak eylemde
Passive voice (edilgen çatı), cümlenin odağı işi yapan kişi değil de eylemin kendisi ya da eylemden etkilenen şey olduğunda kullanılır. Etken cümle işi yapana odaklanır: Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. Edilgen cümle ise sonuca odaklanır: Penicillin was discovered in 1928. Türkçedeki “-il, -in” eki (keşfedildi, yapıldı) bu anlamın karşılığıdır.
Temel yapı
A2 seviyesindeki yapı: özne + be fiilinin uygun biçimi + fiilin üçüncü hali (+ by ile işi yapan).
Present simple passive
(1) Present simple passive: am, is ya da are + üçüncü hal. English is spoken all over the world, Millions of parcels are delivered every day, Butter is made from milk.
Past simple passive
(2) Past simple passive: was ya da were + üçüncü hal. This castle was built in the twelfth century, The telephone was invented in the nineteenth century, Two paintings were stolen last night.
By ne zaman gelir
İşi yapan önemliyse cümlenin sonuna by ile eklenir: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. İşi yapan bilinmiyorsa, açıksa ya da önemsizse by kullanılmaz: My bike was stolen yesterday.
Cümlenin anatomisi
Bu dersin cümleleri, İngilizcenin istediği sırayla parçalarına ayrıldı.
ÖzneThis magnificent stone cathedralYardımcı fiilwasFiilbuiltZamanmore than five centuries ago.
ÖzneCoffee beansYardımcı fiilareFiilgrownYerin tropical regions of South America and Africa.
ÖzneOur school websiteYardımcı fiilwasFiildesignedYapanby two talented former students.
ÖzneThe missing walletYardımcı fiilwasFiilfoundYapanby a conscientious park workerYeron the grass.
Görsel rehber
How to read this A2 topic
At A2, the challenge is choosing between similar time frames, pronouns, and quantity patterns.
1. Look for the time clue
Yesterday, now, every day, already, and since often decide the tense.
I watched it yesterday.
2. Choose the pattern first
Pick the whole grammar structure before choosing the final word.
I am going to study.
3. Check word position
Adverbs, objects, and pronouns must sit in natural English order.
I know him well.
Passive voice
Use be + past participle when the receiver of the action is more important than the doer.
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| present simple | They clean the room. | The room is cleaned. |
| past simple | They cleaned the room. | The room was cleaned. |
| present perfect | They have cleaned the room. | The room has been cleaned. |
| modal | They must clean the room. | The room must be cleaned. |
Contrasts that often decide the answer
Event or background
Simple forms move events forward; continuous forms show an action in progress.
I left while she was talking.
Fact or stance
Modals, hedges, and reporting structures show how certain or responsible the speaker sounds.
This may indicate a problem.
Clause or compressed phrase
Advanced writing often compresses full clauses into participle, noun, or prepositional phrases.
Having reviewed the data, we revised the plan.
Örnekler
- 1English is spoken as an official language in dozens of countries worldwide.
- 2This magnificent stone cathedral was built more than five centuries ago.
- 3Millions of electronic components are manufactured in this modern factory.
- 4The important documents were delivered safely to the embassy this morning.
- 5Coffee beans are grown in tropical regions of South America and Africa.
- 6Our school website was designed by two talented former students.
- 7Fresh organic bread is baked in the neighborhood bakery early every morning.
- 8The missing wallet was found by a conscientious park worker on the grass.
- 9Over two hundred trees were planted along the city avenues this spring.
- 10These handcrafted ceramic cups are imported directly from southern Japan.
İstisnalar
Yalnızca nesne alan fiiller edilgen yapılabilir. Arrive, sleep, die, happen, fall ve wait gibi nesne almayan fiillerin edilgeni yoktur: A serious accident happened yesterday denir, An accident was happened denmez. Türkçede “kaza oldu” yerine “kaza yaşandı” gibi edilgen görünümlü ifadeler kullanıldığı için bu hata Türk öğrencilerde sık görülür.
Sık yapılan hatalar
Be fiilini atlamak
Hata
The bridge built in 1905.
Doğru
The bridge was built in 1905.
Üçüncü hal yerine yalın fiil kullanmak
Hata
German is speak here.
Doğru
German is spoken here.
Nesne almayan fiili edilgen yapmak
Hata
The guests were arrived early.
Doğru
The guests arrived early.
Kısa tekrar
Kendini sınamadan önce dersin özü tek kartta.
Aklında tut
- be + past participle; zamanı be taşır: is built, was built, has been built.
- Nesne olan şey özne olur.
- by, yapanı yalnızca yapan anılmaya değerse belirtir.
Sık yapılan hatalar
Hata: The bridge built in 1905.
Doğru: The bridge was built in 1905.Hata: German is speak here.
Doğru: German is spoken here.Hata: The guests were arrived early.
Doğru: The guests arrived early.
Kendini dene
Beş etken cümleyi edilgene çevir, sonra bu konuyu pratik et.
İlgili Dil Bilgisi Konuları
Bu seviyedeki diğer konularla öğrenmeye devam edin.