Passive voice basics
Passive voice, İngilizcede edilgen yapıdır: “köprü 1890'da yapıldı” gibi, işi yapandan çok işin kendisini öne çıkarır. Bu sayfada be + üçüncü hâl yapısını farklı zamanlarda, by kullanımını ve edilgen yapılamayan fiilleri çalışır, ardından oyunda pratik yaparsın.
Hızlı Öğren
Passive, odağı işi yapandan alıp işten etkilenene ya da ortaya çıkan sonuca taşır.
Aklında tut
- Zamanı be taşır, ana fiil hep üçüncü hâldedir: the report was written yesterday.
- By ile işi yapan yalnızca bu bilgi önemliyse söylenir: painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
- Yalnızca etken cümlede nesne alan fiiller edilgen olabilir.
Örnekler
- 1Penicillin was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in the early twentieth century.
- 2English is spoken as an official international language in dozens of countries.
Kaçınılması Gereken Yaygın Tuzak
Happen, arrive ve sleep gibi nesnesiz fiiller edilgen olmaz: an accident happened doğru, an accident was happened yanlış.
Derinlemesine İncele
Kural
Odak işten etkilenende
Passive (edilgen) yapı, cümlenin odağını işi yapandan alıp işten etkilenene ya da ortaya çıkan ürüne taşır. Türkçede de aynı ayrım vardır: “Fleming penisilini keşfetti” etken, “Penisilin 1928'de keşfedildi” edilgendir. İngilizcede etken cümle yapanı öne çıkarır (Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928), edilgen cümle sonucu öne çıkarır (Penicillin was discovered in 1928).
Ne zaman tercih edilir
Passive üç durumda tercih edilir: yapan bilinmiyorsa (My bike was stolen last night), yapan belli ya da önemsizse (The road was repaired) ve dil resmi, akademik ya da haber diliyse (The new library was opened yesterday).
Be + üçüncü hâl
Türkçede edilgenlik fiile eklenen “-il, -in” ile yapılır; İngilizcede ise be yardımcı fiili ve ana fiilin üçüncü hâli birlikte kullanılır. Zamanı be taşır, ana fiil hep üçüncü hâlde kalır.
Zamanlara göre biçimler
Present simple: am, is, are + üçüncü hâl (Thousands of parcels are delivered every day). Past simple: was, were + üçüncü hâl (The bridge was built in 1890). Present continuous: am, is, are being + üçüncü hâl (The road is being resurfaced this week). Present perfect: have ya da has been + üçüncü hâl (The project has been approved). Modal: modal + be + üçüncü hâl (The form must be signed).
By
İşi yapanı söylemek gerekiyorsa by kullanılır, ama yalnızca bu bilgi önemliyse: The novel was written by Charles Dickens.
Cümlenin anatomisi
Bu dersin cümleleri, İngilizcenin istediği sırayla parçalarına ayrıldı.
ÖznePenicillinYardımcı fiilwasFiildiscoveredYapanby Sir Alexander FlemingZamanin the early twentieth century.
ÖzneThe damaged railway lineYardımcı fiilis beingFiilrepairedYapanby specialized engineering teams.
ÖzneThe annual financial reportYardımcı fiilhasZamanalreadyYardımcı fiilbeenFiilreviewedYapanby the senior accountant.
ÖzneImportant administrative documentsYardımcı fiilmust beFiilsignedZamanbefore the Friday deadline.
Görsel rehber
How to read this B1 topic
At B1, grammar links ideas: condition, result, reported meaning, experience, and narrative order.
1. Name the relationship
Ask whether the sentence gives a condition, contrast, cause, report, or result.
If it rains, we will stay home.
2. Separate time from aspect
Finished event, visible result, duration, and background action use different forms.
I had left before she arrived.
3. Test both clauses
In complex sentences, the second half often proves the first half.
I wish I knew.
Passive voice
Use be + past participle when the receiver of the action is more important than the doer.
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| present simple | They clean the room. | The room is cleaned. |
| past simple | They cleaned the room. | The room was cleaned. |
| present perfect | They have cleaned the room. | The room has been cleaned. |
| modal | They must clean the room. | The room must be cleaned. |
Contrasts that often decide the answer
Event or background
Simple forms move events forward; continuous forms show an action in progress.
I left while she was talking.
Fact or stance
Modals, hedges, and reporting structures show how certain or responsible the speaker sounds.
This may indicate a problem.
Clause or compressed phrase
Advanced writing often compresses full clauses into participle, noun, or prepositional phrases.
Having reviewed the data, we revised the plan.
Örnekler
- 1Penicillin was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in the early twentieth century.
- 2English is spoken as an official international language in dozens of countries.
- 3The damaged railway line is being repaired by specialized engineering teams.
- 4Our school website was designed by two talented former graduate students.
- 5Over three thousand new trees were planted across the municipal parks this spring.
- 6The missing leather wallet was found by a conscientious park cleaner on the grass.
- 7Fresh sourdough bread is baked in the neighborhood bakery early every morning.
- 8The annual financial report has already been reviewed by the senior accountant.
- 9Important administrative documents must be signed before the Friday deadline.
- 10The grand stone cathedral was completely restored after several years of work.
İstisnalar
Edilgen yapılabilen fiiller yalnızca etken cümlede nesne alan fiillerdir. Happen, arrive, die, fall ve occur gibi nesnesiz fiiller passive olamaz: An accident happened yesterday. Türkçede “kaza oldu” derken edilgen bir anlam sezilse de İngilizcede bu fiillerin edilgen hâli yoktur. Edatlı fiiller passive'e çevrilirken edat fiilden ayrılmaz: They looked after the children well → The children were well looked after; Nobody spoke about the problem → The problem wasn't spoken about.
Sık yapılan hatalar
Be'yi atlamak
Hata
The bridge built in 1905.
Doğru
The bridge was built in 1905.
Türkçedeki “-ildi” eki tek başına yettiği için be kolayca unutulur.
Ana fiili yalın bırakmak
Hata
Spanish is speak here.
Doğru
Spanish is spoken here.
Nesnesiz fiili edilgen yapmak
Hata
An accident was occurred yesterday.
Doğru
An accident occurred yesterday.
By'yi gereksiz kullanmak
“The thief was arrested by the police” doğru olsa da by the police bilgisi zaten belli olduğu için genellikle söylenmez.
Kısa tekrar
Kendini sınamadan önce dersin özü tek kartta.
Aklında tut
- Zamanı be taşır, ana fiil hep üçüncü hâldedir: the report was written yesterday.
- By ile işi yapan yalnızca bu bilgi önemliyse söylenir: painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
- Yalnızca etken cümlede nesne alan fiiller edilgen olabilir.
Sık yapılan hatalar
Hata: The bridge built in 1905.
Doğru: The bridge was built in 1905.Hata: Spanish is speak here.
Doğru: Spanish is spoken here.Hata: An accident was occurred yesterday.
Doğru: An accident occurred yesterday.
Kendini dene
Şehrindeki üç yapının ne zaman ve kim tarafından yapıldığını passive ile yaz, sonra bu konuyu pratik et.
İlgili Dil Bilgisi Konuları
Bu seviyedeki diğer konularla öğrenmeye devam edin.