Complex passives and ergative verbs
He is said to have left the country. Bu cümle bir iddiayı kime ait olduğunu söylemeden aktarır. Bu sayfada aktarma edilgenlerini, open ve break gibi ergatif fiilleri, This shirt washes well gibi orta çatıyı ve çift edilgenin sınırlarını çalışır, ardından oyunda pratik yaparsın.
Hızlı Öğren
C2 düzeyinde edilgen yapı, iddiaları sahibini söylemeden aktarmayı, özellikleri anlatmayı ve hangi fiillerin edilgen yapılamayacağını bilmeyi kapsar.
Aklında tut
- Mastar biçimi zamanı gösterir: is said to live, to have lived, to be living.
- Ergatif fiil edilgensiz geçişsiz olur: The door opened; The ice melted.
- Try ve attempt çift edilgen almaz: An attempt was made to fix it.
Örnekler
- 1The ancient Roman aqueduct is believed to have been engineered by imperial architects during the reign of Trajan.
- 2The fugitive intelligence operative is reported to be residing in an undisclosed extradition-free jurisdiction.
Kaçınılması Gereken Yaygın Tuzak
Çaba fiilleriyle çift edilgen kurma: The problem was tried to be solved yanlış, An attempt was made to solve the problem doğru.
Derinlemesine İncele
Kural
Sahibini söylemeden aktarmak
C2 düzeyinde edilgen yapı, yalnızca eylemi yapanı gizlemekle kalmaz; bir iddiayı kime ait olduğunu söylemeden aktarmayı, bir özelliği anlatmayı ve fiillerin çatı sınırlarını bilmeyi kapsar.
Kişisiz aktarma edilgeni
(1) Kişisiz aktarma edilgeni. Say, believe, report, think, expect gibi fiillerle bir iddia, sahibini söylemeden aktarılır. Mastar biçimi zaman ilişkisini gösterir: He is said to live abroad (şimdi), He is said to have lived abroad (önceden), He is said to be living abroad (şu sıralar), The files are thought to have been destroyed (önceden ve edilgen). Türkçedeki “yurt dışında yaşadığı söyleniyor” yapısına karşılık gelir.
Ergatif fiiller
(2) Ergatif fiiller. Open, close, break, melt, sink, increase gibi fiiller hem geçişli (She opened the door) hem de edilgen biçim almadan geçişsiz kullanılabilir (The door opened). Türkçedeki “kapı açıldı” cümlesinin karşılığı çoğu zaman edilgen değil, bu geçişsiz biçimdir.
Orta çatı
(3) Orta çatı (middle construction). Etken biçimli bir fiil, öznenin kalıcı bir özelliğini anlatır: This shirt washes well; The book reads easily.
Çift edilgen sınırı
(4) Çift edilgen sınırı. Order gibi fiiller ikinci bir edilgen mastara izin verir: The building was ordered to be demolished. Ama try, attempt, aim, want gibi çaba ve istek fiilleri izin vermez: “The problem was tried to be solved” yanlıştır; An attempt was made to solve the problem denir.
Cümlenin anatomisi
Bu dersin cümleleri, İngilizcenin istediği sırayla parçalarına ayrıldı.
ÖzneThe ancient Roman aqueductYardımcı fiilis believedFiilto have been engineeredYapanby imperial architectsZamanduring the reign of Trajan.
ÖzneThe fugitive intelligence operativeYardımcı fiilis reportedFiilto be residingYerin an undisclosed extradition-free jurisdiction.
ÖzneSeveral high-ranking military officialsYardımcı fiilare understoodFiilto have opposedNesnethe launching of the overseas offensive.
Görsel rehber
How to read this C2 topic
At C2, grammar manages nuance: responsibility, irony, concession, distance, rhythm, and dense argument.
1. Read the writer's stance
Advanced forms may signal caution, skepticism, authority, or deliberate distance.
The proposal would appear to be flawed.
2. Recover what is omitted
Ellipsis and compression expect the reader to rebuild missing grammar.
If necessary, revise the clause.
3. Match form to discourse
The most sophisticated option is the one that fits purpose and register.
Little did they realize what followed.
Passive voice
Use be + past participle when the receiver of the action is more important than the doer.
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| present simple | They clean the room. | The room is cleaned. |
| past simple | They cleaned the room. | The room was cleaned. |
| present perfect | They have cleaned the room. | The room has been cleaned. |
| modal | They must clean the room. | The room must be cleaned. |
Contrasts that often decide the answer
Event or background
Simple forms move events forward; continuous forms show an action in progress.
I left while she was talking.
Fact or stance
Modals, hedges, and reporting structures show how certain or responsible the speaker sounds.
This may indicate a problem.
Clause or compressed phrase
Advanced writing often compresses full clauses into participle, noun, or prepositional phrases.
Having reviewed the data, we revised the plan.
Örnekler
- 1The ancient Roman aqueduct is believed to have been engineered by imperial architects during the reign of Trajan.
- 2The fugitive intelligence operative is reported to be residing in an undisclosed extradition-free jurisdiction.
- 3The heavy iron gates swung open silently as the motorcade approached the entrance to the presidential compound.
- 4This technical prose does not translate easily into idiomatic colloquial vernacular without substantial paraphrasing.
- 5The historic municipal library was ordered to be evacuated immediately following the discovery of structural fissures.
- 6An energetic attempt was made to revive the stalled trade negotiations before the statutory midnight deadline.
- 7The revolutionary leader was heard to deliver a stirring farewell address to his loyal followers before departure.
- 8Several high-ranking military officials are understood to have opposed the launching of the overseas offensive.
- 9The damaged oil tanker was safely towed into dry dock, where hull repairs commenced without further delay.
İstisnalar
See, hear, make gibi fiiller etken çatıda to'suz mastar alır, ama edilgen çatıda to'lu mastar ister: They made him wait → He was made to wait; We saw her leave → She was seen to leave. Let edilgen yapılmaz; onun yerine be allowed to kullanılır.
Sık yapılan hatalar
Çaba fiilleriyle çift edilgen kurmak
Hata
The suspect was attempted to be arrested.
Doğru
Police attempted to arrest the suspect / An attempt was made to arrest the suspect.
Ergatif fiili gereksiz yere edilgen yapmak
Hata
The shop was opened at nine.
Doğru
The shop opens at nine.
Türkçedeki “açıldı” yüzünden edilgen kurulur, ama bu birinin onu açtığını vurgular; genel bir olay için ergatif fiil etken kalır.
Aktarma edilgeninde yanlış mastar seçmek
Hata
He is believed to leave the country last week.
Doğru
He is believed to have left the country last week.
Geçmişteki bir olay perfect mastar ister.
Kısa tekrar
Kendini sınamadan önce dersin özü tek kartta.
Aklında tut
- Mastar biçimi zamanı gösterir: is said to live, to have lived, to be living.
- Ergatif fiil edilgensiz geçişsiz olur: The door opened; The ice melted.
- Try ve attempt çift edilgen almaz: An attempt was made to fix it.
Sık yapılan hatalar
Hata: The suspect was attempted to be arrested.
Doğru: Police attempted to arrest the suspect / An attempt was made to arrest the suspect.Hata: The shop was opened at nine.
Doğru: The shop opens at nine.Hata: He is believed to leave the country last week.
Doğru: He is believed to have left the country last week.
Kendini dene
Duyduğun üç haberi is said, is believed ve is reported ile, uygun mastar biçimini seçerek yeniden yaz, sonra bu konuyu pratik et.
İlgili Dil Bilgisi Konuları
Bu seviyedeki diğer konularla öğrenmeye devam edin.