Advanced passive
Advanced passive, özellikle haber ve akademik metinlerde kullanılan edilgen yapıları kapsar: It is believed that ve He is said to have left gibi. Bu sayfada aktarma fiilli passive'i, perfect infinitive'i ve edatlı fiillerin edilgen hâlini çalışır, ardından oyunda pratik yaparsın.
Hızlı Öğren
İleri düzey passive, bilginin kaynağını belirsiz bırakan nesnel bir ton kurar ve haber ile akademik dilin temel aracıdır.
Aklında tut
- It is believed that … ya da he is reported to have fled gibi kişisiz aktarma kalıpları kullanılır.
- Aktarılan olay daha önce olmuşsa perfect infinitive gelir: he is thought to have left.
- Edatlı fiillerde edat üçüncü hâlin hemen arkasında kalır: it will be dealt with.
Örnekler
- 1It is widely believed that renewable energy will dominate global power generation by mid-century.
- 2The fugitive is reported to have crossed the national border disguised as a commercial driver.
Kaçınılması Gereken Yaygın Tuzak
Edatı düşürme: the child was taken care of doğru, the child was taken care yanlış.
Derinlemesine İncele
Kural
Kaynağı belirsiz bilgi
İleri düzey passive yapılar özellikle haber, akademik ve resmi metinlerde kullanılır; bilginin kaynağını belirsiz bırakarak nesnel ve mesafeli bir ton kurar. Türkçedeki “… olduğu düşünülüyor”, “… olduğu bildiriliyor” ifadelerinin karşılığıdır. İki ana kalıp vardır.
İki ana kalıp
(1) It + edilgen aktarma fiili + that cümlesi: It is believed that the treaty will be signed tomorrow.
(2) Özne + edilgen aktarma fiili + to'lu fiil: The suspect is believed to have left the country. Bu kalıpta say, believe, think, report, expect, know ve understand gibi fiiller kullanılır.
To'lu fiilin biçimi zamanı gösterir
İkinci kalıpta to'lu fiilin biçimi, aktarılan olayın zamanını gösterir. Olay aktarmayla aynı zamandaysa yalın to kullanılır (He is said to be very rich). Olay aktarmadan önce olmuşsa perfect infinitive gelir: He is believed to have stolen the jewels, yani hırsızlık önce oldu. Olay şu an sürüyorsa continuous infinitive gelir: She is thought to be living abroad.
İki nesneli ve edatlı fiiller
İki nesne alan fiillerde (give, send, lend, offer, show) İngilizce genellikle kişiyi özne yapar: She was offered a promotion, A promotion was offered to her biçiminden daha doğaldır. Edatlı fiiller edilgen yapılırken edat üçüncü hâlin hemen arkasında kalır: The matter will be dealt with immediately.
Cümlenin anatomisi
Bu dersin cümleleri, İngilizcenin istediği sırayla parçalarına ayrıldı.
ÖzneItYardımcı fiilisFiilwidely believedYan cümlethat renewable energy will dominate global power generation by mid-century.
ÖzneThe fugitiveYardımcı fiilisFiilreportedYan cümleto have crossed the national border disguised as a commercial driver.
ÖzneThe young prodigyYardımcı fiilwasFiilawardedNesnea prestigious research fellowshipYapanby the international committee.
ÖzneHeYardımcı fiilwasFiilmadeTümleçto rewrite the entire dissertationYan cümleafter extensive structural flaws were discovered.
Görsel rehber
How to read this B2 topic
At B2, the form often changes the focus: agent, emphasis, register, implication, or stance.
1. Decide what is foregrounded
Passive, cleft, inversion, and participle clauses all move attention.
What matters is the evidence.
2. Check register
Some options are grammatical but too informal, too heavy, or unnatural.
Not only did she win, but she broke the record.
3. Watch compressed clauses
Advanced English often removes repeated subjects and auxiliaries.
Having finished, we left.
Passive voice
Use be + past participle when the receiver of the action is more important than the doer.
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| present simple | They clean the room. | The room is cleaned. |
| past simple | They cleaned the room. | The room was cleaned. |
| present perfect | They have cleaned the room. | The room has been cleaned. |
| modal | They must clean the room. | The room must be cleaned. |
Contrasts that often decide the answer
Event or background
Simple forms move events forward; continuous forms show an action in progress.
I left while she was talking.
Fact or stance
Modals, hedges, and reporting structures show how certain or responsible the speaker sounds.
This may indicate a problem.
Clause or compressed phrase
Advanced writing often compresses full clauses into participle, noun, or prepositional phrases.
Having reviewed the data, we revised the plan.
Örnekler
- 1It is widely believed that renewable energy will dominate global power generation by mid-century.
- 2The fugitive is reported to have crossed the national border disguised as a commercial driver.
- 3Several high-ranking officials are alleged to have accepted bribes during the procurement process.
- 4The ancient manuscripts are thought to date back to the early fourth century.
- 5The injured pedestrians were promptly taken care of by nearby emergency responders.
- 6The young prodigy was awarded a prestigious research fellowship by the international committee.
- 7It has been suggested that remote work enhances overall employee retention and satisfaction.
- 8The contentious planning application is expected to be rejected at the forthcoming council session.
- 9He was made to rewrite the entire dissertation after extensive structural flaws were discovered.
İstisnalar
Make ve algı fiilleri (see, hear) etken cümlede to'suz fiil alır, ama passive'de to gerekir: They made him sign → He was made to sign; We heard him sing → He was heard to sing. Let fiilinin passive'i kurulmaz; yerine be allowed to kullanılır: They let us leave early → We were allowed to leave early.
Sık yapılan hatalar
Aktarma fiilinden sonra to'yu unutmak
Hata
She is thought be guilty.
Doğru
She is thought to be guilty.
Edatı düşürmek
Hata
The proposal was objected.
Doğru
The proposal was objected to.
Aynı hata: “The child was taken care” yerine The child was taken care of. Türkçede edat fiilin içinde eridiği için İngilizcede sonda kalan edat unutulur.
Passive make'ten sonra to'suz fiil kullanmak
Hata
He was made sign.
Doğru
He was made to sign.
Geçmiş bir olay için yalın to kullanmak
Hata
He is reported to escape.
Doğru
He is reported to have escaped.
Dün olan bir kaçış gibi geçmiş bir olay için to have + üçüncü hâl gerekir.
Kısa tekrar
Kendini sınamadan önce dersin özü tek kartta.
Aklında tut
- It is believed that … ya da he is reported to have fled gibi kişisiz aktarma kalıpları kullanılır.
- Aktarılan olay daha önce olmuşsa perfect infinitive gelir: he is thought to have left.
- Edatlı fiillerde edat üçüncü hâlin hemen arkasında kalır: it will be dealt with.
Sık yapılan hatalar
Hata: She is thought be guilty.
Doğru: She is thought to be guilty.Hata: The proposal was objected.
Doğru: The proposal was objected to.Hata: He was made sign.
Doğru: He was made to sign.
Kendini dene
Bir haber başlığını seç ve onu It is said that ve is said to kalıplarıyla iki ayrı biçimde yeniden yaz, sonra bu konuyu pratik et.
İlgili Dil Bilgisi Konuları
Bu seviyedeki diğer konularla öğrenmeye devam edin.