Advanced passive
नियम
The advanced passive focuses on impersonal reporting structures, complex verbs with two objects, and prepositional verbs that keep their particles intact.
Advanced passive constructions are essential in academic, journalistic, and formal registers to convey objective reporting, shared consensus, or institutional authority. The two primary impersonal reporting patterns are: (1) It + passive reporting verb + that-clause (It is understood that the treaty will be signed tomorrow), and (2) Subject + passive reporting verb + infinitive (The suspect is understood to have left the country). When the reported action took place before the reporting event, English uses a perfect infinitive: He is believed to have stolen the jewelry (the theft preceded the belief). When the action is continuous, a continuous infinitive is used: She is believed to be living abroad. Additionally, ditransitive verbs (give, send, lend, offer) favor promoting the indirect personal recipient to subject (She was offered a promotion, rather than A promotion was offered to her). Verbs taking prepositions must keep the preposition right after the past participle: The matter will be dealt with immediately.
याद रखें
- Use impersonal passive structures like It is believed that or subject-raised forms like He is reported to have fled to maintain objective distance.
- Shift perfect infinitives into reporting structures when the reported action predates the reporting event.
- Keep prepositional verbs and phrasal verbs unified in the passive, retaining particles directly adjacent to the participle.
बचने योग्य आम गलती
Dropping required prepositions in passive verb-particle combinations, writing The child was taken care rather than taken care of.
Guía visual
How to read this B2 topic
At B2, the form often changes the focus: agent, emphasis, register, implication, or stance.
1. Decide what is foregrounded
Passive, cleft, inversion, and participle clauses all move attention.
What matters is the evidence.
2. Check register
Some options are grammatical but too informal, too heavy, or unnatural.
Not only did she win, but she broke the record.
3. Watch compressed clauses
Advanced English often removes repeated subjects and auxiliaries.
Having finished, we left.
Passive voice
Use be + past participle when the receiver of the action is more important than the doer.
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| present simple | They clean the room. | The room is cleaned. |
| past simple | They cleaned the room. | The room was cleaned. |
| present perfect | They have cleaned the room. | The room has been cleaned. |
| modal | They must clean the room. | The room must be cleaned. |
Contrasts that often decide the answer
Event or background
Simple forms move events forward; continuous forms show an action in progress.
I left while she was talking.
Fact or stance
Modals, hedges, and reporting structures show how certain or responsible the speaker sounds.
This may indicate a problem.
Clause or compressed phrase
Advanced writing often compresses full clauses into participle, noun, or prepositional phrases.
Having reviewed the data, we revised the plan.
उदाहरण
- 1It is widely believed that renewable energy will dominate global power generation by mid-century.
- 2The fugitive is reported to have crossed the national border disguised as a commercial driver.
- 3Several high-ranking officials are alleged to have accepted bribes during the procurement process.
- 4The ancient manuscripts are thought to date back to the early fourth century.
- 5The injured pedestrians were promptly taken care of by nearby emergency responders.
- 6The young prodigy was awarded a prestigious research fellowship by the international committee.
- 7It has been suggested that remote work enhances overall employee retention and satisfaction.
- 8The contentious planning application is expected to be rejected at the forthcoming council session.
- 9He was made to rewrite the entire dissertation after extensive structural flaws were discovered.
अपवाद
Verbs of perception and causative make take a bare infinitive in the active, but demand a full to-infinitive in the passive (Active: They made him sign; Passive: He was made to sign the confession; Active: We heard him sing; Passive: He was heard to sing). Verbs like let cannot form passives directly and must be replaced by be allowed to.
आम गलतियाँ
Forgetting to after passive reporting verbs (She is thought be guilty instead of to be guilty), or misplacing prepositions in phrasal verbs (The proposal was objected instead of objected to). Learners also mistakenly retain the bare infinitive after passive make (He was made sign instead of He was made to sign).
खुद को परखें
Transform five direct journalistic claims into both impersonal it-passives and subject-raised reporting structures.
संबंधित व्याकरण विषय
इस स्तर के अन्य विषयों के साथ अपनी समझ को और मजबूत बनाएं।